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Bacterial Meningitis


What is Bacterial Meningitis? – Causes, Symptoms & Prevention

Bacterial Meningitis is a serious, potentially fatal disease that causes inflammation of the brain and spinal cord membranes and can rapidly progress. The infection can also spread to the bloodstream, increasing complications. Approximately 3,000 Americans are affected annually, with 100-125 cases reported on college campuses, leading to 5-15 student deaths each year. Survivors may experience severe health issues or lifelong disabilities.

The disease is primarily caused by five bacterial strains: A, C, Y, W-135, and B, known as meningococcal disease. Vaccines are available for ACYW-135 (state-required) and Group B meningitis, with health experts recommending both vaccinations for optimal protection.

Meningitis is highly contagious, spreading through direct contact or respiratory droplets (coughing, sneezing, kissing). Early symptoms often resemble the flu, leading to delayed medical treatment—yet the disease can become fatal within 24-48 hours. Without timely intervention, bacterial meningitis may lead to joint infections, pneumonia, organ failure, or septic shock.

To protect yourself, consult with your healthcare provider about vaccinations and risk factors.

What are the symptoms:

  • High Fever
  • Severe Headache
  • Rash or Pruple Patches on Skin
  • Vomiting
  • Light Sensitivity
  • Stiff Neck
  • Confusion and Sleepiness
  • Nausea
  • Lethargy
  • Seizures

How is Bacterial Meningitis Diagnosed?

Diagnosis is made by a medical provider and is usually based on a combination of clinical symptoms and laboratory results from spinal fluid and blood tests. Early diagnosis and treatment can greatly improve the likelihood of recovery.

How is the disease transmitted?

The disease is transmitted when people exchange saliva (such as by kissing, or by sharing drinking containers, utensils, cigarettes, toothbrushes, etc.) or come in contact with respiratory or throat secretions.

Behaviors that increase getting Bacterial Meningitis?

Exposure to saliva by sharing cigarettes, water bottles, eating utensils, food, kissing, etc. Living in close conditions (such as sharing a room/suite in a dorm or group home).

What are the possible consequences of the disease?

  • Death (in 8 to 24 hours)
  • Permanent brain damage
  • Kidney failure
  • Learning disability
  • Hearing loss, blindness
  • Limb damage (fingers, toes, arms, legs) that requires amputation
  • Gangrene
  • Coma
  • Convulsions

Is there a treatment for Bacterial Meningitis?

Antibiotic treatment, when received early, can save lives and chances of recovery are increased. However, permanent disability or death can still occur. Vaccinations are available and should be considered for:

  • Those living in close quarters
  • College students 25 years old or younger
    • Required in the state of Texas for incoming students, under the age of 22
  • Vaccinations are effective against the most common bacterial types that cause the disease in the U.S. (but does not protect against all types of meningitis).
  • Vaccinations take 7-10 days to become effective, with protection lasting 3-5 years.
  • The cost of the vaccine varies so check with your health care provider.
  • Vaccination is very safe – most common side effects are redness and minor pain at injection site for up to two days.
  • Contact your Student Health Center at (713) 313-7173 for vaccination locations.

How can I find out more information?

  • Speak with your health care provider.
  • Contact your Student Health Center at (713) 313-7173.
  • Contact the Texas Department of Health office at (512) 458-7111.
  • Visit web sites: http://www.cdc.gov or http://www.acha.org